Conflict Analysis Models:

Conflictology, as a discipline dedicated to the study and management of conflict, draws from various theoretical models that provide frameworks for analyzing and understanding conflict dynamics. These models, far from being rigid recipes, are conceptual tools that help us break down the complexity of conflict into its essential components, thus facilitating the identification of its causes, actors, dynamics, and potential resolution pathways. This text explores some of the most relevant conflict analysis models, highlighting their usefulness for understanding and intervening in conflict situations.

A classic model is Johan Galtung’s Conflict Triangle. This model represents conflict through three interrelated components:

• Attitudes: These refer to the perceptions, beliefs, stereotypes, and emotions that the parties have about the conflict and each other. Negative attitudes, such as prejudice, hatred, or distrust, can intensify the conflict and make resolution more difficult.
• Behaviors: These refer to the actions taken by the parties within the conflict, ranging from verbal communication to physical violence. Behaviors can be cooperative or competitive, constructive or destructive.
• Contradiction: This refers to the incompatibility between the goals, interests, or values of the parties. The contradiction is the source of the conflict, the root of the problem.

Galtung’s triangle helps us understand that conflict is not just an isolated event, but a dynamic process in which attitudes, behaviors, and contradictions interact. To effectively address a conflict, it is necessary to analyze all three components and seek solutions that address them.

Another important model is the Conflict Cycle. This model describes the different stages that a conflict typically goes through, from its onset to its possible resolution. The stages may vary depending on the specific model, but they generally include:

1. Latent phase: The conflict exists, but has not yet manifested openly.
2. Triggering or onset phase: An event or action triggers the manifestation of the conflict.
3. Escalation phase: The conflict intensifies, the parties polarize, and communication deteriorates.
4. Crisis or stalemate phase: The conflict reaches its peak, and the parties are at an impasse.
5. De-escalation phase: The conflict begins to decrease in intensity, and the parties seek a solution.
6. Resolution or transformation phase: An agreement is reached, or the relationship between the parties is transformed.
7. Post-conflict phase: Agreements are implemented, and reconciliation is sought.

Understanding the conflict cycle helps us identify which stage a specific conflict is in and adapt intervention strategies accordingly.

In addition to these general models, there are other more specific models that focus on particular aspects of conflict, such as:

• The interest-based negotiation model: This focuses on identifying and satisfying the underlying interests of the parties, rather than solely focusing on their initial positions.
• The transformative mediation model: This focuses on transforming the relationships between the parties, aiming to improve communication, mutual understanding, and recognition.

The application of these models in the analysis of a specific conflict involves:

1. Identify the actors: Who are the parties involved in the conflict?
2. Define the contradiction: What is the source of the conflict? What are the opposing interests or values?
3. Analyze the attitudes: What are the perceptions, beliefs, and emotions of the parties?
4. Observe the behaviors: What actions are the parties taking within the framework of the conflict?
5. Determine the stage of the conflict cycle: In which phase is the conflict?

By applying these models, we can gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics of the conflict and design more effective intervention strategies. Conflict analysis models are valuable tools for anyone working in conflict management and resolution, whether they are mediators, negotiators, community leaders, or anyone seeking to better understand the complex dynamics of human interaction.