Johan Galtung, in addition to his theoretical contributions to the field of conflictology, has also explored the practical applications of his ideas, particularly in the field of mediation. For Galtung, mediation is not simply a process to reach an agreement between the parties in conflict, but a tool for conflict transformation, aiming to address the root causes of confrontation and build more just and equitable relationships.

Galtung conceives mediation as a communication process facilitated by a neutral third party, the mediator, who helps the parties understand each other, identify their common interests, and find creative solutions that satisfy everyone’s needs. Unlike arbitration, where a third party makes a binding decision for the parties, in mediation, the parties retain control over the outcome.

For Galtung, effective mediation must address the three components of the Conflict Triangle:

Attitudes: the mediator helps the parties modify their negative perceptions, stereotypes, and mutual prejudices. It fosters empathy, active listening, and the recognition of the legitimacy of the other.
Behaviors: the mediator facilitates communication between the parties, promoting constructive dialogue and preventing the escalation of the conflict. It helps the parties express their needs and interests in a clear and respectful manner.
Contradiction: the mediator helps the parties identify the root causes of the conflict and seek creative solutions that address the underlying needs and interests. It does not solely focus on the initial positions of the parties but seeks to explore the motivations behind them.

Galtung distinguishes different types of mediation, depending on the approach used:

Problem-solving mediation: focuses on finding an agreement that satisfies the needs and interests of the parties. It focuses on negotiation and finding practical solutions.
Transformative mediation: goes beyond simply resolving the immediate problem and seeks to transform the relationships between the parties. It focuses on empowering the parties and mutual recognition.
Cultural mediation: takes into account the cultural differences between the parties and adapts the mediation process to their values, norms, and communication styles.

For Galtung, a good mediator must possess a series of qualities:

Neutrality: the mediator must be impartial and not take sides with any of the parties.
Empathy: the mediator must be able to understand the perspectives and emotions of all the parties.
Communication skills: the mediator must be a good communicator and facilitator of dialogue.
Creativity: the mediator must be able to generate new ideas and options for conflict resolution.
Patience: the mediation process can be long and complex, so the mediator must have patience and perseverance.

Mediation, according to Galtung, is not just a tool for resolving individual conflicts but also an instrument for peacebuilding at the social and political level. By facilitating dialogue, mutual understanding, and the search for creative solutions, mediation can help transform relationships between conflicting groups and build a more peaceful and just society.

In summary, mediation, as conceived by Galtung, is a process that goes beyond the simple resolution of disputes. It is a powerful tool for conflict transformation, seeking to address the root causes of violence and build more just and equitable relationships between the parties.

Johan Galtung (born in 1930) is a Norwegian sociologist and mathematician recognized as one of the founders of peace and conflict studies. His work has been essential in understanding the dynamics of violence, peace, and development in the international sphere.